Methodology

 

Inventory Methodology

For changes to the inventory, please see the changes log in the FAQ pages.

Contents

 

Introduction

The inventory is presented according to the Global Covenant of Mayors’ Common Reporting Framework. 

The key guidance used to calculate the emissions inventory is The GPC Protocol for Cities. The GPC report is based on the Accounting and Reporting Standard developed by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories.

Inventory scopes

Activities taking place within a city can generate GHG emissions that occur inside the city boundary as well as outside the city boundary. To distinguish among them, emissions are commonly grouped into three categories based on where they occur:

  • Scope 1 (Direct emissions)
    • GHG emissions from sources located within the city boundary
  • Scope 2 (Indirect emissions)
    • GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling within the city boundary
  • Scope 3
    • All other GHG emissions that occur outside the city boundary as a result of activities taking place within the city boundary

 

Summary of sectors

The inventory is made up of six key sectors:

Stationary

Greenhouse gas emissions are generated in this sector through the combustion of fuel in buildings, manufacturing industries, construction processes and power plants. This includes fugitive emissions.

n.b - Fugitive emissions refer to emissions lost due to leakages that occur when extracting, processing and transporting fossil fuels.

Transportation

This sector produces greenhouse gas emissions through the combustion of fuel or use of electricity during journeys travelled by road, rail, air or water for inter-city and international travel.

 

Waste

Disposal and treatment of solid waste and wastewater produces greenhouse gas emissions through incineration, aerobic and anaerobic decomposition.  

 

Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)

Industrial processes used to physically or chemically transform materials produce greenhouse gas emissions. Also, industries use products that release greenhouse gas emissions throughout its use.

 

Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU)

The AFOLU sector produces greenhouse gas emissions through methane created by livestock, nutrient management for agricultural purposes, and land use change altering soil compositions.

 

Detailed methodology and sources

    The methodology and key data sources are described in more detail below.

     

    Stationary energy


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    This sector includes the following sub-sectors:

    • Residential buildings
    • Commercial building and facilities
    • Institutional buildings and facilities
    • Industrial buildings and facilities
    • Agriculture
    • Fugitive emissions

    Residential, Commercial, Institutional and Industrial fuel consumption

    Domestic space heating and hot water

    Domestic lighting, appliances, and cooking

    Commercial & institutional space heating, cooling, and hot water

    Commercial & institutional lighting, appliances, equipment, and catering

    Space

    Lighting

    Heating

    Fans

    Water

    Appliances

    Hot Water

    Lighting

     

    Cooking

    Cooling & humidification

    Catering

     

     

    Cooled Storage

    Small Power

     

     

    		 

    ICT Equipment

     

     

    		 

    Other

     Agricultural fuel consumption

    Fugitive emissions

    [1] Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, English geographical breakdowns, local authority. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/structure-of-the-agricultural-industry-in-england-and-the-uk-at-june

    [2] Northern Ireland Farm Census - LGD2014, 2013-2016https://data.gov.uk/dataset/2a936744-dd04-457d-99b5-0000450af4fb/farm-census

    [3] Number of holdings with crops and grass and area of crops and grass by regional grouping and region, June 2001 and 2016 https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/PubEconomicReport/TimeSeries/ERSAC4

    [4] Agricultural small area statistics: 2002 to 2017 https://gov.wales/agricultural-small-area-statistics-2002-2017

     

    Transportation

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    This sector produces greenhouse gas emissions through the combustion of fuel or use of electricity during journeys travelled by road, rail, air or water for inter-city and international travel. This sector includes the following sub-sectors:

    • On-road
    • Rail
    • Waterborne navigation
    • Aviation
    • Off-road

    On-road transportation

    • Consumption (GWh per Local Authority) is taken directly from the data for total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level published by BEIS (BEIS subnational energy consumption by Local Authority). Fuel is assumed to be diesel, with a small amount of coal consumed by rail in some sectors. This is a top-down method – guidance on the pros and cons of transportation methodologies is described in table 7.3 of the GPC protocol guidelines.

    Rail transportation

    • Consumption (GWh per Local Authority) is taken directly from the data for total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level published by BEIS (BEIS subnational energy consumption by Local Authority). Fuel is assumed to be diesel, with a small amount of coal consumed by rail in some sectors. This is a top-down method – guidance on the pros and cons of transportation methodologies is described in table 7.3 of the GPC protocol guidelines.
    • It is not possible to separate electricity consumed by the railways and by electric vehicles from that consumed by other commercial and industrial activities in the BEIS dataset. It is not possible to report all rail and road emissions as a separate sub-sector within the transport sector. Instead emissions attributable to electricity consumption in the rail sector are included in the commercial and industrial sector, and only diesel emissions are shown as a separate sub-sector.

    Waterborne transportation

    • Local-level fuel consumption from waterborne transportation was calculated based on UK total fuel consumption from National Navigation, derived from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics DUKES 1.1 Aggregate energy balance 2018. “National Navigation” is defined as Fuel oil and gas/diesel oil delivered, other than under international bunker contracts, for fishing vessels, UK oil and gas exploration and production, coastal and inland shipping and for use in ports and harbours.
    • Total fuel consumption from inland waters traffic is divided into internal and coastal using Department for Transport Statistics Domestic Waterborne Freight Statistics table PORT0701 (b) Waterborne transport within the United Kingdom by cargo category, goods moved (billion tonne-kilometres).
    • Inland transport is allocated to LA using the proxy of km canal length. Canal coverage of England and Wales from the Canal & River Trust for England and Wales was mapped onto the LA geographic boundaries. You can see a visualization of canal coverage for England and Wales here. This dataset does not cover Scotland and Northern Ireland, but table PORT0703 from the DfT Statistics was used to confirm that no major inland transport has been recorded for Scotland or Northern Ireland for 2018.
    • Table PORT0101 - All UK major and minor port freight traffic, by port and year (direction filter) from 1965 - was used to tag port locations to Local Authority.

    Aviation

    • Data for aviation emissions was extracted from the  Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2018, Categories 1A3a and Aviation Bunkers for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland for Aviation Spirit and Aviation Turbine Fuel. This gave total emissions for landing and take-off (LTO) and Cruise phases of UK flights. A percentage of total aircraft movements for each UK airport was calculated from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) 2017 dataset  Table_05_Air_Transport_Movements, Airport data 2018, Civil Aviation Authority.
    • Scope 1 emissions: LTO emissions are used as a proxy for flights that take off and land within the boundary of the local authority area. The disadvantage of this methodology is that LTO actually relates to flights that do not start and end in boundary (i.e. are not considered scope 1 according to the GPC methodology). Here it is used as a proxy to represent emissions relating in-boundary flights e.g. police helicopters/’grass strip’ flights that fall under this category, which do take off and land in-boundary.
    • LTO emissions have been allocated to UK airports based on the percentage of total aircraft movements. Airport names have been manually matched to individual local authority codes in the Civil Aviation Authority air transport movements dataset. LTO tonnes of fuel were calculated from the total impacts using BEIS fuel emission factors. LTO impacts are reported as Scope 1 aviation.
    • Scope 3 emissions: Cruise impacts were allocated to LAs based on percentage of population, assuming that flying is uniformly distributed across the whole population. Cruise tonnes of fuel were calculated from the total impacts using BEIS fuel emission factors. Cruise impacts are reported as Scope 3 aviation.

    Off-road transportation

    • A base assumption of 1% of total on-road fuel consumption (BEIS final energy consumption by Local Authority)[1] apportioned to off-road.

    [1]Total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level; Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Sub-national total final energy consumption data (2016)

     

    Waste

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    Disposal and treatment of solid waste and wastewater produces greenhouse gas emissions through incineration, aerobic and anaerobic decomposition. 

    This sector includes the following sub-sectors:

    • Solid waste disposal
    • Biological treatment
    • Incineration and open burning
    • Wastewater

    Municipal waste

    Waste Type
    Conversion Factors 2018, Description
    Re-use
    Materials that are re-used instead of disposed of by recycling or landfill.
    Open-loop
    Open-loop recycling is the process of recycling material into other products.
    Closed-loop
    Closed-loop recycling is the process of recycling material back into the same product.
    Combustion
    Energy is recovered from the waste through incineration and subsequent generation of electricity.
    Composting
    CO2e emitted as a result of composting a waste stream.
    Landfill
    n/a
    Anaerobic Digestion
    n/a

     

    Wastewater

    • Wastewater treated has been calculated for the national total wastewater based on emissions and emissions factors used for the UK Devolved Administration GHG Inventory 1990-2018. This has been applied to local authorities based on population.
    • NMVOC emissions from municipal wastewater treatment (WWT) plants are estimated using the Tier 1 method given in the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook. The approach uses the default emission factor (15 mg NMVOC/m3 wastewater handled) and activity data estimates based on a time series of waste water generated from residential properties for treatment from the UK water companies (UK Informative Inventory Report (1990 to 2018).

     

    Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)

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    This sector includes the following sub-sectors:

    • Industrial Process
    • Product Use

    Industrial Processes

    • Fuel consumption share per LA calculated as the industrial & commercial fuel consumption per fuel and per LA divided by the total fuel consumption from BEIS (Total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level, 2005:2018.
    • Total DUKES industrial fuel & electricity apportioned to LA using the proportions calculated in step (1), per fuel type and per industrial area (as defined in DUKES 5.1 Electricity: commodity balances (2018) and DUKES 1.1 Aggregate energy balance 2019; DUKES_1.1-1.3, for Iron and steel, Non-ferrous metals, Mineral products, Chemicals.
    • Emissions derived from the total UK GHG emissions by source for Industrial Processes (Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2018) were calculated per LA according to emissions factors calculated in per kwh fuel consumption per industry type. The England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland datasets were filtered for Industrial Processes, and the list of processes covered was mapped to the industry types in the DUKES energy consumption data.
    • CHANGES: During the preparation for the Beta testing for SCATTER Pathways, a mistake was spotted in the emissions factors, impacting IPPU emissions. The emissions factors affected are:
      • Industrial Processes_Other industry
      • Industrial Processes_Non-ferrous metals
      • Industrial Processes_Mineral products
      • Industrial Processes_Iron and steel
      • Industrial Processes_Chemicals

     

    Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU)

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    The AFOLU sector produces greenhouse gas emissions through methane created by livestock, nutrient management for agricultural purposes, and land use change altering soil compositions. Agricultural data for livestock including the total number of dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, horses and poultry by local authority for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland was amalgamated, and where no individual local authority data was readily available combined authority averages were applied.

    • Livestock
    • Land use
    • Other AFOLU

    Livestock

    Greenhouse gas

    Sources

    What is included?*

    Methane emissions per head:

    TABLE 3.A - Enteric Fermentation ; TABLE 3.B(a) - CH4 Emissions from Manure Management

    Enteric fermentation (direct CH4 emissions from burping and farting); CH4 emissions from manure storage

    Nitrous Oxide emissions per head

    TABLE 3.B(b) - N2O Emissions from Manure Management

    Direct N2O emissions from manure management when housed

    *Not included in N2O emissions are:

    • N2O emissions from manure dropped on the land by livestock when grazing (2% to 6% additional for cattle, 60% additional for poultry)
    • N2O emissions from manure collected then spread on the land (7% to 10% additional for cattle, to >100%  additional for poultry)
    • CHANGES: The emissions factors used for livestock in the Pathways for CH4 and N2O have been amended to give the correct conversion to CO2e from their raw factors. Emissions factors affected (22/05/2020):
      • Dairy Cattle; Deer; Goats; Horses; Non-dairy cattle; Poultry; Sheep; Swine

    Land use

    Energy Generation

    This sector includes the following sub-sectors:

    • Electricity-only generation
    • CHP generation
    • Heat/cold generation (NE)
    • Local renewable generation

    Power stations in the UK (Digest of UK Energy Statistics Chapter 5: statistics on electricity) tables 5.10 & 5.11 have been allocated to Local Authorities, and the plant installed capacity (MW) from DUKES 5.11 has been converted to kWh and multiplied by respective load factors for different fuel types derived from DUKES Chapter 6: renewable sources of energy table 6.5 (Load factors for renewable electricity generation), or DUKES 5.10 to derive electricity-only generation. The same methodology was also adopted for large-scale local renewable generation, however, load factors for different renewable technologies were derived from DUKES 6.5. Small-scale local renewable generation including, Solar PV, Onshore Wind, Hydro, Anaerobic Digestion, Offshore Wind, Wave/Tidal, Sewage Gas, Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Animal Biomass, Plant Biomass and Cofiring, was taken directly from the BEIS Renewable Electricity by Local Authority (MWh) 2014-2019 dataset (Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Renewable electricity by local authority: Renewable electricity generation: (MWh) at Local Authority Level - 2019).

    Large scale CHP schemes from DUKES Chapter 7: combined heat and power table 7.10, Large scale CHP schemes in the United Kingdom, operational at the end of December 2018, have been allocated to Local Authorities, whereby an average fuel consumption value based on scheme installed capacity from DUKES 7.2, Fuel used to generate electricity and heat in CHP installations, was applied.

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